Senin, 26 Oktober 2015

TABEL PENGARUH KONSENTRASI KARBONMONOKSIDA (CO) YANG TERKANDUNG DALAM ASAP YANG DILEPASKAN DARI HASIL TERBAKARNYA HUTAN, LAHAN DAN GAMBUT


TABEL PENGARUH KONSENTRASI COHb DALAM DARAH TERHADAP KESEHATAN MANUSIA 





Konsentrasi COHb dalam darah (%) Pengaruhnya terhadap kesehatan
 <  1 Tidak ada pengaruh
1 - 2 Penampilan agak tidak normal
2 - 5 Sistem saraf pusat (CNS), reaksi pancaindera tidak normal, pandangan kabur
 >  5 Perubahan fungsi jantung
10 - 80 Kepala pusing, mual, berkunang-kunang, pingsan, sukar bernafas dan kematian

Jika Indeks Standar Pencemar Udara (ISPU) pada kadar karbonmonoksida (CO) yang terkandung dalam asap di udara yang dilepaskan dari hasil terbakarnya hutan, lahan dan gambut, maka diperoleh hasil perhitungan sebagai berikut :


Konsentrasi Karbonmonoksida (CO) di udara 300 ppm
Persentase COHb dalam darah 48,5 %

Kamis, 08 Oktober 2015

TABEL KOMPOSISI VOLUME ATMOSFER (UDARA) DALAM KONDISI KEMARAU



Composition of dry atmosphere, by volume[▽note 1]
Gas (and others) Volume by various[15][▽note 2] Volume by CIPM-2007[16] Volume by ASHRAE[17]
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 ppmv[▽note 3] percentile  ppmv percentile  ppmv percentile
Nitrogen (N2) 780,800 (78.080%) 780,848 (78.0848%) 780,818 (78.0818%)
Oxygen (O2) 209,500 (20.950%) 209,390 (20.9390%) 209,435 (20.9435%)
Argon (Ar) 9,340 (0.9340%) 9,332 (0.9332%) 9,332 (0.9332%)
Carbon dioxide (CO2) 397.8 (0.03978%) 400 (0.0400%) 385 (0.0385%)
Neon (Ne) 18.18 (0.001818%) 18.2 (0.00182%) 18.2 (0.00182%)
Helium (He) 5.24 (0.000524%) 5.2 (0.00052%) 5.2 (0.00052%)
Methane (CH4) 1.81 (0.000181%) 1.5 (0.00015%) 1.5 (0.00015%)
Krypton (Kr) 1.14 (0.000114%) 1.1 (0.00011%) 1.1 (0.00011%)
Hydrogen (H2) 0.55 (0.000055%) 0.5 (0.00005%) 0.5 (0.00005%)
Nitrous oxide (N2O) 0.325 (0.0000325%) 0.3 (0.00003%) 0.3 (0.00003%)
Carbon monoxide (CO) 0.1 (0.00001% ) 0.2 (0.00002%) 0.2 (0.00002%)
Xenon (Xe) 0.09 (0.000009%) 0.1 (0.00001%) 0.1 (0.00001%)
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) 0.02 (0.000002%) - - - -
Iodine (I2) 0.01 (0.000001%) - - - -
Ammonia (NH3) trace trace - - - -
Sulphur dioxide (SO2) trace trace - - - -
Ozone (O3) 0.02 to 0.07 [▽note 4] (2 to 7×10−6%) [▽note 4] - - - -
Trace to 30 ppm [▽note 6] (----) - - - - 2.9 (0.00029%)
Dry air total (air) 1,000,065.265 (100.0065265%) 999,997.100 (99.9997100%) 1,000,000.000 (100.0000000%)
Not included in above dry atmosphere:
Water vapor (H2O) ~0.25% by mass over full atmosphere, locally 0.001%–5% by volume.[21]
  1. ▽Concentration pertains to the troposphere
  2. ▽The NASA total value do not add up to exactly 100% due to roundoff and uncertainty. To normalize, N2 should be reduced by about 51.46 ppmv and O2 by about 13.805 ppmv.
  3. ▽ppmv: parts per million by volume (note: volume fraction is equal to mole fraction for ideal gas only, see volume (thermodynamics))
  4. ▽values disregarded for the calculation of total dry air
  5. ▽(O3) concentration up to 0.07 ppmv (7×10−6%) in summer and up to 0.02 ppmv (2×10−6%) in winter
  6. ▽volumetric composition value adjustment factor (sum of all trace gases, below the (CO2), and adjusts for 30 ppmv)


TABEL HUBUNGAN PENGARUH ANTARA SUHU UDARA DENGAN KARAKTERISTIK KERAPATAN ANGIN


Effect of temperature on properties of air
Temperature
T (°C)
Speed of sound
c (m/s)
Density of air
ρ (kg/m3)
Characteristic specific acoustic impedance
z0 (Pa·s/m)
35 351.88 1.1455 403.2
30 349.02 1.1644 406.5
25 346.13 1.1839 409.4
20 343.21 1.2041 413.3
15 340.27 1.2250 416.9
10 337.31 1.2466 420.5
5 334.32 1.2690 424.3
0 331.30 1.2922 428.0
−5 328.25 1.3163 432.1
−10 325.18 1.3413 436.1
−15 322.07 1.3673 440.3
−20 318.94 1.3943 444.6
−25 315.77 1.4224 449.1


TABEL SKALA KECEPATAN ANGIN DAN POTENSIAL KERUSAKAN BERDASARKAN SKALA FUJITA


Enhanced Fujita scale

The Enhanced Fujita Scale (EF Scale) rates the strength of tornadoes in the United States based on the damage they cause. Below is that scale.
Scale Wind speed Relative frequency Potential damage
mph km/h
EF0 65–85 105–137 53.5% Minor or no damage. Peels surface off some roofs; some damage to gutters or siding; branches broken off trees; shallow-rooted trees pushed over.
Confirmed tornadoes with no reported damage (i.e., those that remain in open fields) are always rated EF0.
EF0 damage example
EF1 86–110 138–178 31.6% Moderate damage. Roofs severely stripped; mobile homes overturned or badly damaged; loss of exterior doors; windows and other glass broken.
EF1 damage example
EF2 111–135 179–218 10.7% Considerable damage. Roofs torn off well-constructed houses; foundations of frame homes shifted; mobile homes completely destroyed; large trees snapped or uprooted; light-object missiles generated; cars lifted off ground.
EF2 damage example
EF3 136–165 219–266 3.4% Severe damage. Entire stories of well-constructed houses destroyed; severe damage to large buildings such as shopping malls; trains overturned; trees debarked; heavy cars lifted off the ground and thrown; structures with weak foundations are badly damaged.
EF3 damage example
EF4 166–200 267–322 0.7% Extreme damage. Well-constructed and whole frame houses completely leveled; cars and other large objects thrown and small missiles generated.
EF4 damage example
EF5 >200 >322 <0.1% Total Destruction. Strong-framed, well-built houses leveled off and foundations swept away; steel-reinforced concrete structures are critically damaged; tall buildings collapse or have severe structural deformations.
EF5 damage example


TABEL KLASIFIKASI ANGIN DAN KLASIFIKASI ANGIN SIKLON TROPIS (TROPICAL CYCLONE CLASSIFICATION)


General wind classifications Tropical cyclone classifications (all winds are 10-minute averages)
Beaufort scale[18] 10-minute sustained winds (knots) General term[21] N Indian Ocean
IMD
SW Indian Ocean
MF
Australian region
South Pacific
BoM, BMKG, FMS, MSNZ
NW Pacific
JMA
NW Pacific
JTWC
NE Pacific &
N Atlantic
NHC & CPHC
0 <1 Calm Low Pressure Area Tropical disturbance Tropical low
Tropical Depression
Tropical depression Tropical depression Tropical depression
1 1–3 Light air
2 4–6 Light breeze
3 7–10 Gentle breeze
4 11–16 Moderate breeze
5 17–21 Fresh breeze Depression
6 22–27 Strong breeze
7 28–29 Moderate gale Deep depression Tropical depression
30–33
8 34–40 Fresh gale Cyclonic storm Moderate tropical storm Tropical cyclone (1) Tropical storm Tropical storm Tropical storm
9 41–47 Strong gale
10 48–55 Whole gale Severe cyclonic storm Severe tropical storm Tropical cyclone (2) Severe tropical storm
11 56–63 Storm
12 64–72 Hurricane Very severe cyclonic storm Tropical cyclone Severe tropical cyclone (3) Typhoon Typhoon Hurricane (1)
13 73–85 Hurricane (2)
14 86–89 Severe tropical cyclone (4) Major hurricane (3)
15 90–99 Intense tropical cyclone
16 100–106 Major hurricane (4)
17 107–114 Severe tropical cyclone (5)
115–119 Very intense tropical cyclone Super typhoon
>120 Super cyclonic storm Major hurricane (5)

TABEL KATEGORI INDEKS TINGKAT TOLERANSI BAIK HINGGA BAHAYA KADAR ASAP TERHADAP KESEHATAN MANUSIA DAN TINDAKAN SOLUSI MANAJEMEN PENCEGAHAN


Index Category Management Measures
≤100
(Good/Moderate)
  • Normal activities
101-200
(Unhealthy)
  • Schools will minimise outdoor activities such as outdoor assembly, outdoor camps and sports activities.
  • Students and staff who are unwell will be temporarily accommodated in an air-conditioned room with an air purifier, before they are taken to seek medical attention. Parents of these students will also be notified.
  • Students with pre-existing lung and heart conditions or are unwell will be exempted from all physical exercise.
201-300
(Very Unhealthy)
  • There will be no physical exercises (indoor and outdoor).
  • Classroom lessons will continue, but lessons may be modified as appropriate. For instance, students may be assigned work that can be completed at their desks.
  • Students and staff who are unwell will be temporarily accommodated in an air-conditioned room with an air purifier, before they are taken to seek medical attention. Parents of these students will also be notified.
  • Students with pre-existing lung and heart conditions will be moved to enclosed indoor spaces, such as school library.
> 300
(Hazardous)
If PSI reaches 'Hazardous' level during school hours:
  • Schools will scale down lessons.
  • All students, including those with pre-existing lung and heart conditions, will be in enclosed indoor spaces, including classrooms with doors and windows fully closed. Schools will spread out students across the enclosed indoor spaces, such as the library, to allow for better thermal comfort and ventilation.
  • Students and staff who are unwell will be temporarily accommodated in an air-conditioned room with an air purifier, before they are taken to seek medical attention. Parents of these students will also be notified.