BELAJAR TENTANG ALAT BANTU DAN MENU GIZI YANG BERGUNA BAGI PENDERITA DIABETES

If you have diabetes, you’ll want to know about some new, high-tech gadgets and tools designed to help you keep track of what you eat, your blood sugar levels, how much you exercise, and how you feel each day. Some of these include:

• Phone, tablet, or computer apps where you log your blood sugar or foods you eat
• Devices that test your blood sugar every few minutes
• Smart pumps that give you insulin as your body needs it
• Texts, calls, or emails that remind you to test or take your medicine

Track Blood Sugar Patterns

Keeping track of patterns in your blood sugar levels can help you and your doctor better manage your diabetes.

To find out more, your doctor might use a machine called a continuous glucose monitor (CGM) that can test your blood sugar every 5 minutes all day long. It tests through tiny fibers on a patch stuck on your skin. Results are sent wirelessly to a small monitor that you can hold or clip on your belt. Some CGM devices even send your results to your doctor's office through a wireless signal. This can help you and your doctor spot spikes after you eat certain foods, work out, or while you sleep, says Robert Vigersky, MD. He is medical director of the Diabetes Institute of the Walter Reed Health Care System.

This gadget doesn’t take the place of old-school testing, though. The device’s maker says you need at least one finger-stick every 12 hours to set the device, and suggests regular testing three to four times a day to make sure the numbers match up.

New, smart insulin pumps that can sync with a CGM are great for people with type 1 diabetes, Vigersky says. “If your sugar goes too low, it will stop an insulin infusion for 2 hours.” Smart pumps can help you avoid dangerous dips in your blood sugar.

If you need insulin but not a pump, pre-filled pens may be easier to use than separate vials and needles, Vigersky adds. “Pens are so convenient and easy to use,” he says. And that makes people more likely to take their medication, which helps keep their blood sugar under better control.

Apps and Clips

New phone, tablet, or computer apps can be good if you don’t like writing things down in a journal, says Marisa Moore, a registered dietitian who works with type 2 diabetes patients in Atlanta.

Apps can help you track:

• Calories, carbs, and other nutrition in your diet
• Daily exercise and calories burned
• Stress levels
• Blood sugar test results

“Keeping a food diary can really help you manage your diabetes. With a phone app, you have it with you all the time, which makes it easier to keep up with,” she says. “People get tired of checking their blood sugar, too. So it’s helpful to have some way to track it that is easily uploaded.”

Apps can sync with your doctor’s office so you can talk about your levels at your appointment, she adds.

New fitness gadgets that can be clipped onto your belt or worn around your wrist measure physical activity, and upload your heart rate or steps to social media sites like Facebook. “This can keep you motivated if you have an exercise or weight-loss goal,” Moore says.

Telemedicine is another new tool to help you stay healthy, Vigersky says. Your doctor can send you a text, email, or call that reminds you to test your blood sugar, take your medicine, or check for cuts on your feet, for example.

“These are things we normally tell you, but every few months at your appointment," he says. “This is a new approach to help educate you and keep you on track.”

When you have diabetes, what you choose to eat and drink can raise or lower your blood sugar levels after meals. So which foods are smart choices?

There are four things in food that can affect your blood sugar:

1.Carbohydrates

2.Protein

3.Fat

4.Fiber

Carbohydrates raise blood sugar faster than proteins or fats. They also have the biggest effect on your blood sugar. Fiber, protein, and fat can blunt the rise in blood sugar after a meal.

So aim for variety. Eat a mixture of carbohydrates, protein, and fat to manage your blood sugar better and stay full longer.  But make sure to choose quality carbohydrates and smart fats, such as:

Vegetables, beans, whole grains, and fruit for carbs

Fish, nuts and seeds, avocado, olives, extra virgin olive oil, and canola oil for fat

You may not respond to a meal the same way as someone else with diabetes does. So be sure to check your blood sugar after meals. Look for patterns between what you eat and drink and your blood sugar levels after. You also may want to track how many grams or servings of carbohydrates you eat with each meal and try to keep it about the same from meal to meal. This can also help you take charge of your blood sugar.

Eating a healthy, balanced diet when you have diabetes doesn't mean you can't eat foods that taste good. In the sample menu and recipes below, the meals have a good balance of protein and fat and a great source of fiber. You can plug them into your diet -- in the right portion sizes -- along with the other fruit, vegetables, grains, dairy, protein, or fats in your plan.

Don’t forget to watch salt, too. That's part of healthy eating with diabetes. Eating less salt has been shown to help prevent and treat high blood pressure. Read labels and choose foods that are low in sodium.

Sample Daily Menu Options

Breakfast

Here's how you might work in a high-fiber carbohydrate along with some lean protein and "good" fat.

High-fiber carbs:

Whole-grain cereal (hot or cold) with fruit

Whole-grain bread, English muffin, or bagel

Whole-grain waffles or pancakes with fruit

Lean protein (low in saturated fat):

A higher omega-3 egg blended with 2 egg whites for an egg dish. Add vegetables such as spinach, broccoli, or tomatoes.Low-fat milk or soy milk for your cereal or as a beverage

Part skim-milk cheese added to your omelet

Low-fat or nonfat yogurt with fruit or cereal, or in a smoothie

Smart fats:

Avocado added to your omelet

Nuts for cereals or a yogurt parfait

Extra virgin olive oil used in omelet

Canola oil used in whole grain muffins, pancakes, or waffles

Lunch

A sandwich or wrap with whole-grain bread or tortilla and a lean protein such as:

Roasted turkey, skinless chicken, or lean beef or pork

Part skim-milk cheese or soy cheese

Water-packed tuna dressed in vinaigrette, yogurt, or light mayo

A bean-based lunch such as:

Bean burrito with whole-grain tortilla

Hummus with whole grain-bread or vegetable dippers

Vegetarian or lean-meat chili or bean stew

Main-course salad made with:

Dark green lettuce

Lots of vegetables

Lean meat, fish, beans, or cheese plus avocado and nuts, if desired

Dressing made with extra virgin olive oil, canola oil, or yogurt

Dinner

High-fiber carb choices:

Cooked grains like brown rice, quinoa, barley, bulgur, or amaranth

Whole wheat bread, tortilla, pita bread, or buns

Colorful vegetables on the side or in the main course

Dark green lettuce for a side or dinner salad

Fresh fruit on the side or with the entrée

Lean protein (low in saturated fat):

Grilled or baked fish, by itself or in a mixed dish such as tacos

Skinless poultry -- grilled, baked, or stir-fried

Lean beef or pork -- sirloin, tenderloin -- with no visible fat

Part skim-milk cheese in entrees, such as eggplant parmesan, vegetarian pizza on whole wheat crust, vegetable lasagna, or enchiladas

Smart fats:

A sensible amount of extra virgin olive oil or canola oil used for cooking

Nuts added to entrée or side dishes

Avocado or olives with entrée or side dishes

Sumber : WMD

BELAJAR TENTANG GANGGUAN SPEKTRUM OTAK (GEJALA AUTIS) PADA ANAK

Berikut merupakan kutipan ilmiah yang sangat bermanfaat bagi Penulis sehingga disusun dan digunakan sebagai referensi pribadi.

What Is Autism?

Autism is a brain disorder that limits a person's ability to communicate and relate to other people. It first appears in young children, who fall along a spectrum from mild to severe. Some people can navigate their world, some have exceptional abilities, while others struggle to speak. Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) affect about one child in 68, striking nearly five times as many boys as girls.

Signs of Autism

Before a child turns three, careful observers can see signs of autism. Some children develop normally until 18-24 months old and then stop or lose skills. Signs of an ASD can include:

• Repeated motions (rocking or spinning)
• Avoiding eye contact or physical touch
• Delays in learning to talk
• Repeating words or phrases (echolalia)
• Getting upset by minor changes

It's important to note that these signs can occur in children without ASDs, too.

Early Warning Signs: First Year

Even young infants are very social, so it’s possible to detect signs of autism in how babies interact with their world. At this age, a child with an ASD may:

• Not turn to a mother’s voice
• Not respond to his own name
• Not look people in the eye
• Have no babbling or pointing by age one
• Not smile or respond to social cues from others

Babies who do not have autism can have these behaviors, too, but it's best to contact your doctor right away with any concerns.

Early Warning Signs: Year Two

The signs of autism are more noticeable in a child’s second year. While other children are forming their first words and pointing to things they want, a child with autism remains detached. Signs of autism include:

• No single words by 16 months
• No pretend games by 18 months
• No two-word phrases by age 2
• Loss of language skills
• No interest when adults point out objects, such as a plane flying overhead

Other Signs and Symptoms

People with autism sometimes may have physical symptoms, including digestive problems such as constipation and sleep problems. Children may have poor coordination of the large muscles used for running and climbing, or the smaller muscles of the hand. About a third of people with autism also have seizures.

How Does Autism Affect the Brain?

Autism affects parts of the brain that control emotions, communication, and body movements. By the toddler years, some children with ASDs have unusually large heads and brains -- which may be because of problems with brain growth. Abnormal genes, passed down through a family, have been linked to poor functions in some parts of the brain. Researchers hope to find a way to diagnose autism through brain scans.

Early Screening for Autism

Many children aren’t diagnosed with an autism disorder until preschool or even kindergarten, and may miss getting the help they need in the early years. That's why guidelines call for screening all children at nine months old for delays in basic skills. Special ASD checkups are needed at:

• 18 months
• 24 months
• As needed for children with worrisome behaviors or a family history of autism

Diagnosis: Speech Problems

At regular checkups, the doctor will check how your baby responds to your voice, smile, or other expressions. Is he cooing or babbling? Problems or delays in speech call for a visit to a speech therapist. A hearing test may be needed, too. Most children with autism will eventually speak, but they do so later than others. Making conversation may be especially tough. Children with ASDs also may speak in a sing-song or robotic way.

Diagnosis: Poor Social Skills

Trouble relating to other people is an important marker of an autism spectrum disorder. A psychologist with special training can help identify social problems as early as possible. Children may avoid looking people in the eye, including their parents. They may focus intently on an object, while ignoring others around them for long periods of time. They may not use gestures, body posture, or facial expressions to communicate.

Diagnosis: Evaluation

There's no medical test for autism, but exams may be helpful to rule out hearing loss, speech difficulties, lead poisoning, or developmental problems not related to autism. Parents may need to answer a list of questions -- called a screening tool -- to assess a child's behavior and communication skills. Getting treatment early, ideally before age three, can greatly improve a child's development.

Asperger’s Syndrome

People with Asperger’s Syndrome do not have low intelligence or language problems. In fact, they may have advanced verbal skills. But they can be socially awkward and have trouble understanding nonverbal cues, such as facial expressions. They may focus intensely on one topic that interests them but have trouble making friends or relating to people.

Treatment: Behavior Programs

Behavioral therapies are widely used to help children with ASDs learn to talk and communicate, develop physically, and deal with other people more effectively. Step by step, these intensive programs -- called Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) -- encourage positive actions and discourage negative behaviors. Another approach, called Floortime, works on emotions and social skills. The TEACCH program uses picture cards and other visual cues.

Treatment: Education

Local school systems may provide special services to help a child with autism learn and develop. This can include speech therapy and occupational therapy. Schools are required to develop an Individualized Education Program (IEP) for each child. Children with autism may qualify for early intervention or extended school year services. If you are concerned about your child, be an advocate and ask the school to develop an IEP.

Treatment: Medication

There's no medical treatment for autism itself, but medicine may help with some symptoms. Anti-psychotic medicines may be given for serious behavior problems. One drug in this category, Risperdal, has FDA approval to help with aggression, self-injury, and tantrums in autistic children. If seizures are an issue, an anti-convulsant drug may help. Drugs that treat depression are sometimes prescribed. A child’s response to medications should be closely monitored.

Treatment: Sensory Integration

Children with autism may be extremely sensitive to sounds, touch, taste, sights, or smells – similar to a condition known as sensory integration disorder. For example, they may be upset by bright flashing lights or a school bell. A small study by Temple University researchers found that helping children adjust to different sensations led to fewer autistic mannerisms and better behavior.

Autism and Assistive Technology

Even nonverbal children can talk with new devices that are designed to convert pictures or text to spoken words. The technology includes pocket-sized devices and "apps" for smart phones or computer tablets. Autism Speaks, an advocacy organization, maintains a list of resources for families.

Autism and Diet

Digestive problems are common in children with autism, and about 30% of them may eat nonfood items such as dirt or paper. Some parents have tried a diet free of gluten (found in wheat) and casein (a milk protein). Other diet changes, including the supplements B6 and magnesium, have been used. So far, there's not enough evidence to show that any diet plan works. A doctor should supervise trial diets to ensure good nutrition.

Unorthodox Treatments

The internet is full of unusual treatments for autism offered to desperate parents. To learn if a treatment is safe and effective, first check with your child's health care team. The Autism Society of America has a good list of questions parents can ask providers of new or unorthodox treatments. Some can be dangerous, including chelation therapy. 

What Causes Autism?

Scientists don't know the exact cause of autism, but since it runs in families, genes probably play a role. Research is under way to see whether chemicals in the environment or infections before birth are to blame. Autism is more common among people with other genetic disorders, such as Fragile X and tuberous sclerosis. Taking valproic acid or thalidomide during pregnancy increases the child's risk for an ASD.

Vaccines Don't Cause Autism

No link has been found between vaccines and autism, despite many scientific studies. Researchers have scrutinized the measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine (MMR) since a 1998 British report raised concerns. That report has been retracted by the Lancet medical journal for poor science and fraud. Thimerosol, a form of mercury, was removed from childhood vaccines in 2001 as a precaution -- though no good evidence ever linked it to autism.

Autism Among Siblings

People who have one child with autism have a 19% chance that another child will have it, too, according to one study. If two children have autism, the risk is even higher for a third sibling. A study of twins found that when one fraternal male twin has autism, there's a 31% chance that the other twin will have it, too. When autism affects a boy with an identical twin, there's a 77% chance that both boys will have an ASD.

Accommodation in School

Federal law gives children with disabilities the right to a “free and appropriate education,” beginning at age 3. This could include one-one-one services or parent training. Your child may get an aide in the classroom or an assistive device. Placement will depend on the child’s individual needs, whether that calls for being "mainstreamed" in a general classroom, a special education classroom, a special school, or even home instruction.

Living With Autism

People with high-functioning autism or Asperger’s Syndrome are often able to attend college and hold down a job. AHEADD (Achieving in Higher Education with Autism/Developmental Disabilities) supports autistic college students with their social and academic needs. For people with below-average intellectual ability -- about 40% of those with ASDs -- group homes and special job training may help to live independently.

Sumber : WMD

BELAJAR TENTANG MANAJEMEN DIET DAN KADAR KOLESTEROL YANG BAIK

Berikut merupakan kutipan ilmiah yang sangat bermanfaat bagi Penulis sehingga digunakan sebagai referensi pribadi.

Some diet and lifestyle changes help boost HDL cholesterol levels :   

1. Get active . Physical activity cans boost your HDL levels. Get at least 30 minutes a day of moderate activity, Most days of the week.  
2. Lose extra weight . If you're overweight , Losing extra pounds of cans help Raise your HDL levels, as well as cut your LDL ("bad") cholesterol levels.   
3. Choose Fats better.  The healthier monounsaturated and polyunsaturated Choices are Fats. You'll find these in plants, nuts, and fish like salmon or tuna. And, like everything you eat, keep your portion sizes small. Fats pack a lot of calories in small Amounts.
4. Alcohol in moderation.  Amounts of moderate Drinking alcohol is linked to the Higher HDL levels. If you do not drink now, check with your doctor BEFORE you start, since alcohol has risks Our some not related to cholesterol.
5. Stop smoking.  Kicking the cigarette habit cans Raise your HDL level.

BELAJAR TENTANG HUBUNGAN SAKIT KEPALA DAN PENYAKIT SINUSITIS

Berikut merupakan kutipan ilmiah kedokteran yang sangat bermanfaat sehingga digunakan sebagai referensi pribadi.

Sinus Attack!

Pain in the forehead or between the eyes? Upper teeth ache? Face feeling full, nose stuffy and congested? You may have a common complaint that sends many people to a doctor's office: sinus trouble.

Sinuses: Air Spaces in Your Head

Sinuses are air spaces in your skull lined with mucous membranes. Most people have four sets of nasal sinuses:

• Two frontal sinuses in the forehead above the eyes
• Two maxillary sinuses, one inside each cheek bone (dark triangles seen in this CAT scan)
• Ethmoid sinuses: a group of cavities behind the bridge of the nose
• Sphenoid sinuses, behind the nose and underneath the brain

Sinuses are like fingerprints; everybody's are different. Some people have no frontal sinuses or just one.

What Is Sinusitis?

Tiny, hair-like structures called cilia (magnified here) help move mucus across sinus membranes and toward an exit. All of your sinus cavities connect to your nose to allow a free exchange of air and mucus. Infections or allergies make sinus tissues inflamed, red, and swollen. That's called sinusitis.

Just a Cold … at First

Sinusitis usually starts with inflammation triggered by a cold, allergy attack, or irritant. But it may not end there. Colds, allergies, and irritants make sinus tissues swell.

Stuffy, Puffy, and Sore

Sinusitis causes many symptoms. Most people have a stuffy nose and pain or pressure in several locations around the face or teeth. There's usually a nasal discharge that may be yellow, green, or clear. Other symptoms may include fatigue, decreased sense of smell and/or taste, cough, sore throat, bad breath, headache, pain on bending forward, and fever.

Chronic Sinusitis

The blue areas in this color-enhanced MRI show thickened mucosal surfaces on both maxillary sinuses. Inflammation of the sinus cavity that lasts for more than three months is chronic sinusitis. Although bacteria often colonize obstructed sinuses, bacterial infections are not the only cause of chronic sinusitis. Anatomy, allergies, polyps, immune deficiencies, and dental diseases may also cause chronic sinus problems.

Nasal Polyps

When sinuses remain inflamed, sinus membranes may thicken and swell. The swelling can be significant enough to cause grape-like masses called polyps (shown here). Polyps may protrude from the sinus into the nasal passage and partially or completely block the nasal airway.

Nasal Decongestants: Relief, at a Cost

These sprays open swollen nasal passages and allow your sinuses to drain. That can be helpful, especially during the worst days of a cold or during air travel. But you should use these drugs only for a few days. After that, there's a kick-back effect, making your nasal passages swell shut again. Decongestants are not indicated for chronic use. Oral decongestants may help, but also have side effects. Better solutions for acute sinus symptoms: nasal steroid sprays or saline sprays or washes. If symptoms persist, see your doctor. Chronic sinus symptoms may be caused by a deviated septum or another treatable condition.

Antibiotics Usually Not Needed

The common cold is a viral infection. Colds can lead to sinusitis symptoms, but these usually clear by themselves. Antibiotics do not treat viruses, so they won't help the sinus symptoms of a cold. Cold symptoms end in seven to 14 days. Usually, cold-related sinusitis goes away then, too.

Shown here is a magnified, color-enhanced image of a rhinovirus pathogen responsible for the common cold.

Treating Allergy-Related Sinusitis

What can help allergy-related sinus symptoms is irrigation with saline solution, either with a neti pot or squeeze bottle. Although there's no evidence they help with sinus infections, nasal steroid sprays may help some people suffering sinus symptoms from allergies. Antihistamines may help, too, especially for symptoms of sneezing and runny nose.

When to See the Doctor

Yellow or green mucus can mean a bacterial infection. Even then, acute bacterial sinusitis usually clears up in seven to 14 days -- without antibiotic treatment. But if you keep feeling worse and symptoms are persistent and severe, or if you get a fever, it's time to see a doctor.

Chronic Sinusitis Treatment Still a Puzzle

Chronic sinusitis is very difficult to treat. A first step is controlling predisposing factors such as eliminating environmental irritants. For symptom relief, doctors often prescribe nasal steroid sprays or antibiotics, but neither is proven to work in comprehensive studies. Surgery -- functional endoscopic sinus surgery or FESS -- offers at least moderate relief -- but this is not intended as first-line treatment for chronic sinusitis.

Sinusitis Complications: Worst-Case Scenarios

Only a layer of bone separates your sinuses from your brain. If a sinus infection passes through the bone, it can infect the lining of the brain -- meningitis -- or even the brain itself. Both problems are life threatening. A sinus infection can also spread into the orbit of the eye, causing an infection around the eye and possibly blindness. Less severe complications include asthma attacks and loss of smell or taste.

Preventing Sinusitis

There's no sure way to avoid either acute or chronic sinusitis. But here are some things that can help:

• Keep sinuses moist -- use saline sprays, nasal lubricant sprays, or nasal irrigation often.
• Avoid very dry indoor environments.
• Avoid exposure to irritants, such as cigarette smoke or strong chemical odors.

BELAJAR TENTANG GAS METAN (METHANE, CH4)

Berikut merupakan kutipan ilmiah yang disusun dan digunakan sebagai referensi pribadi.

What is methane and where does it come from?

Methane is a gas composed of carbon and hydrogen. It has the chemical formula CH4. Methane originates from several different sources. 

Microbial methane is produced through biologic decomposition of organic matter at shallow depths and without extensive heating.  Swamps, landfills, glacial or other deposits, and even shallow bedrock are some settings where microbial methane can form. 

Thermogenic methane is derived over millions of years by processes deep underground that produce fossil fuels, such as coal deposits and oil and natural gas accumulations. It is produced from organic matter that undergoes a transformation under high temperature and pressure. Scientists run tests that can help distinguish microbial methane from thermogenic methane.

How does methane get into water wells? 

Methane gas – whether microbial or thermogenic -- can migrate into water wells along with the groundwater if underground conditions are favorable for it. If biogenic or thermogenic methane is present underground and in contact with the groundwater, the methane can dissolve in water similar to the way carbon dioxide is dissolved in soda, bubbling out when pressure is reduced at the surface or home faucet.

BELAJAR TENTANG KABAR BUMI HARI INI

Aerosol Optical Depth

Aerosol Size

Carbon Monoxide

Chlorophyll

Cloud Fraction

Fire

Land Surface Temperature

Land Surface Temperature Anomaly

Net Primary Productivity

Net Radiation

Sea Surface Temperature

Sea Surface Temperature Anomaly

Snow Cover

Total Rainfall

Vegetation

Water Vapor