KONTEN TERKAIT
- Gubernur Sumut hadiahi pantun SBY usai peresmian bandara
Kamis, 27 Maret 2014
CONGRATULATION TO KUALANAMU INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT
Rabu, 26 Maret 2014
BELAJAR TENTANG MENATA RUMAH AGAR TAMPAK MENYENANGKAN DAN ANGGUN
Berikut merupakan kutipan yang bermanfaat bagi Penulis, sehingga disusun dan digunakan sebagai referensi pribadi.
Everyone loves the look of luxury, but most of us cannot afford it. When it comes to the home, many people are worried that they do not have the financial means to upgrade their home or give it what it needs to look more luxurious. There are some simple tricks that you can use to make your house look more luxurious and we have described a few of them here for you.
1. Shop at local flea markets and garage sales to find some unique pieces of furniture that can be re purposed. Many people sell off quality furniture at a low price because they are downsizing or purchasing new items. Some of these older items are worth refinishing or repairing to make them look like new since older furniture is usually made from real wood instead of low cost and low quality materials that do not last.
2. Update rooms by removing out of date window coverings and adding updated ones. Surround windows with new trim and paint the trim out in white for a highlight against a darker wall color. The room should be painted with a warm color that goes with the furniture in the room. Painting the interior of your home can add a lot of flair and paint is relatively inexpensive, just make sure you purchase a quality paint that will stand the test of time.
3. If carpet is worn, remove it and consider replacing it with laminate flooring which is much more durable and can brighten up a room. Laminate flooring is also designed to last for a lot longer than traditional flooring choices and it can really take a beating. You can purchase laminate flooring that looks like expensive floor coverings like tile or real hardwood.
4. Replace the knobs on your interior doors and paint the doors. Doors that start to look old and beat up can look new again with a fresh coat of paint and new knobs. Add locking knobs for privacy in the bathroom and in the bedroom.
5. If you have any pictures on the wall that are not framed, spend a few dollars to have them framed by a professional. They can really make any room look amazing, especially when you choose the right pictures.
6. Light up a room with a stylish lamp. Large dark rooms can really come alive and look wonderful with the right lighting and you don’t have to spend a lot of money to get a great look. Lighting can really change the room, but if you cannot afford to purchase a new lamp, consider using an old one and renewing it by painting it or adding a new shade.
7. Add bookshelves. You can purchase low cost bookshelves that you put together yourself with real wood. Shelving adds depth to your room and can provide a place for all of your items to be stored. Shelving can showcase all your favorite decorative items out of the way but in the line of sight.
8. Reduce clutter where possible and limit the amount of decorative items that you have in a room. Too much clutter makes a home look messy and small. Removing that clutter can help to make a room look larger and more sophisticated.
10. Purchase three or four vertical mirrors and hang them on the wall together. This can break up a wall without having to add a lot of artwork and is an inexpensive way to add interest to a room.
11. If you want to purchase new furniture or appliances, wait until there is a clearance sale to get the best prices on items. Most dedicated stores need to clear out items to bring in new stock each year and if you can wait until items are priced to clear you can save a lot of money on those items.
12. Can’t afford new appliances? Repair any chips or scratches on your existing appliances with small touch up and repair kits that can be purchased from hardware stores.
13. Update your kitchen by refacing the cabinets. Most people cannot afford to replace cabinetry, but the doors themselves can be replaced at a low cost, or they can be painted or refaced and new handles and knobs can really make cabinets look new and luxurious. Consider adding new countertops (this may be the most expensive part of updating your kitchen) and decorating back splashes with beautiful tile.
14. Update your outside walkways by pouring fresh concrete. These days concrete can be dyed different colors and it can be stamped to look like slate or expensive paver bricks. The cement is a lot less expensive than many of these materials and is much easier to work with.
15. Give your bathroom the sophisticated spa feel by clearing counters and rolling towels up. Store towels in a basket in the bathroom and add art to the walls. Tile is important in the bathroom, but if you cannot afford to tile the floor, new linoleum patterns look exactly like tile at a fraction of the cost.
16. Update the outside of your house with a new mailbox, door knocker and house number. If your front door is outdated consider replacing it with a new one.
17. If the windows in your home are old, look into rebate programs that can cover part of the cost of replacing them. Not only will you save money on heating bills in the future, but your home will also look more up to date and luxurious with new windows.
You don’t have to spend a great deal of money to get spectacular results when it comes to updating certain parts of your home to refresh it and make it look more luxurious. In the end it simply comes down to the small details which make all the difference. Once you take care of those, everything will start to come together and your home will be the envy of close friends and neighbors. Your home is your castle and you deserve to make it look as though it is fit for a king and queen.
Sumber : ls.com
BELAJAR TENTANG MENGENALI MENGAPA SULIT UNTUK MENJADI KAYA, APA SEBAB?
Berikut merupakan kutipan ilmiah yang sangat bermanfaat, sehingga disusun dan digunakan sebagai referensi pribadi.
1. Overspending
If you have a ferocious appetite for spending beyond your means, you’re not alone. According to a survey, of the 52% of people who habitually overspend, many balance the shortfall by taking from their savings, and 22% rely on credit cards. Blowing all your money each month is not a realistic pathway to wealth. Start tracking where your money goes each month, check where you can cut back, and create a ‘realistic’ budget that allows you to pay your bills and invest in a retirement account or an emergency fund.
2. Not Saving Enough
Welcome to the club! The personal savings percentage in the US is a measly 4.9% of disposable income. Saving should become a priority if you want to accumulate wealth. Start with an emergency fund. Once your emergency fund is substantial, you can redirect small amounts toward other goals like purchasing a home or paying for college.
3. You Have Too Much Debt
Certain debts are a precursor to financial success, like purchasing real estate or starting a business; however, a high-interest credit card balance is not. Pay off credit cards with the highest rates first.
4. You Don’t Have a Plan
Without a definite, clearly defined plan, becoming rich will seem like an unbelievable dream. This alone will solidify your excuses for overspending and not saving. As the saying goes, “Those who fail to plan, plan to fail.” Putting together a financial plan may seem tedious, but it doesn’t have to be, and you can get used to it.
5. You Don’t Have an Emergency Fund
Experts say you need at least six months of income saved in case of an emergency. Life is tricky, and not having some type of safety net can turn a comfortable situation into a disaster.
6. You Started Late
Time is slipping by. Just like starting an exercise routine, the most difficult part about saving is getting started. Even if you have debt, a small income, or many expenses, you can save something, even if it’s only a small amount.
7. You Complain Rather Than Commit
“I don’t earn enough money”; “Life is too expensive”; “It’s hopeless, I’ll never get out of debt.” Have you uttered any of these statements before, or perhaps all of them? Old habits die hard; however, as long as you do nothing to change, nothing will change. Stop complaining and making excuses. Instead, take responsibility for your non-productive habits and concentrate on how to change them – and then do it!
8. You Live for Today, and Forget About Tomorrow
It’s no fun getting serious and thinking about retirement and all that stuff. Nonetheless, eventually it has to be done. The problem is that impulsive and unregulated spending leads to debt… period! Do yourself a big favor: Get rid of the ‘buy now, worry later’ attitude, and switch to a ‘save now, get rich later’ way of thinking.
9. Putting All Your Eggs in One Basket
You might get lucky by wagering all your money on one type of investment. Just like you might get lucky winning the lottery. But that’s not a strategy to live by, or for getting rich. Putting all your money in one place is not advised because it puts you at too much risk. Your investment portfolio should include multiple investments with varied levels of risk and ROI potential and liquidity.
10. You Just Don’t Get It!
You may be one of those people who believe that somehow something will come along and save you, so why bother with saving or trying to get out of debt? Maybe you will get lucky and land a fantastic job, receive a big pay raise, inherit money, hit the lottery, or whatever! But ‘whatever’ won’t cut it if you really want to become rich. Yes, life is uncertain. No one knows what will, or will not, actually happen; therefore, why not focus on what you can control today? Get it together now and save yourself, in case someone or something else won’t.
One thing you can be sure of: You are already rich. Think about it. If someone came to you and offered you a million dollars for your arm, would you give it up? Why not, you have two; you can surely spare one of them! Of course the answer would be no! Being rich is more than physical ownership; it’s a state of happiness and well-being, while wishing the same for others. So while you are working on getting rich materially, remember to be happy along the way!
Sumber : ls.com
BELAJAR TENTANG MENGENALI JENIS SAYURAN YANG MENYEHATKAN KULIT
Berikut merupakan kutipan ilmiah yang sangat bermanfaat, sehingga disusun dan digunakan sebagai referensi pribadi.
Looking to improve your appearance without having to invest in expensive beauty products or surgical procedures? The truth is, the secret to being beautiful does not come with a high price. In fact, you only need to be more conscious about the foods you eat and make sure that what you put on your plate can benefit not only your health, but your skin as well. Fortunately, health and beauty go hand in hand – and that means as long as you stay healthy, you can look naturally attractive, too.
So, forget about those pricey skin creams and cosmetic surgeries, and consider eating several types of vegetables that make you look beautiful. With these food items, you will notice your skin clearing up, your eyes looking bright and stunning, and your body looking as gorgeous as ever!
1. Spinach
Eating dark leafy greens such as spinach can offer life-changing benefits on your health and overall appearance. It’s not pure magic or empty promises, but it’s the impressive component in spinach that makes all of these possible. For instance, spinach is loaded with zeaxanthin and carotenoids lutein, which are essential substances that can make your eyes look more youthful and brighter. After all, you can’t be beautiful with tired and red eyes, since that’s the first thing people see when they look at you. What’s more, spinach is rich in iron, an important mineral that can give you a healthier-looking complexion. So, make it a point to eat spinach everyday to achieve all these promising skin health benefits. Toss in some spinach in your salads or sauteed veggies, or use it as side dish to your tasty steak for an extra boost on your health. To give an interesting taste to your spinach, add some heavy cream, olive oil and blue cheese on these leafy greens. You may even prepare a zesty spinach smoothie combined with cucumber, broccoli and lime for a refreshing and nutritious drink.
2. Red Cabbage
Aside from the adorable color of red cabbage that adds a fascinating look to your dishes, they’re packed with essential minerals that make you beautiful from the inside and out. With high amounts of iodine and sulfur in every serving of this purple veggie, you can count on it to cleanse your insides while giving your skin that radiant glow. You can’t expect to look great when your body is full of toxins, so the best way to go is to flush them out by munching on red cabbage regularly. Boiled or eaten raw, this lovely veggie is a treat to eat. You can also include it in your favorite burger or salad as an alternative to lettuce. Whichever way you prefer to eat this vegetable, you can count on its fantastic health benefits while keeping your skin blemish-free and supple.
3. Kale
Another excellent veggie to keep you pumped up and beautiful is kale. One serving of this power veggie (about a cup of cooked kale) gives your body a high percentage of vitamin K that can help prevent osteoporosis and heart disease. Moreover, it can enhance your skin’s amazing glow, so you’ll look great naturally. If you want to get additional health benefits from this vegetable, you should go for Winterbor Kale. This variety is not only loaded with vitamin K, but it has significant levels of fiber to maintain your cholesterol and blood pressure levels. This way, you can keep cardiovascular diseases at bay.
4. Beets
Famous for their purple or pink exterior, beets are tasty veggies that you should consider adding in your regular diet. It also serves as a “beauty food” that can help minimize blemishes and keep your skin moisturized and free from fine lines. In addition to these skin benefits, beetroot aids in the metabolism of fats with the help of its key component called betaine. Thus, you can also control your weight while enhancing your skin’s smooth, clear and supple appearance with regular consumption of this veggie. If you want an easier way to eat beets, then you might want to extract its juice that’s loaded with chlorine, among several other important nutrients. Add a few tablespoons of this juice to your dishes and salads for that fascinating flavor and nutritive value.
5. Eggplant
These shiny and smooth purple veggies are instrumental in giving your skin that equally smooth and radiant appearance. It even has a special anti-ageing component called nasunin, which is responsible for the vegetable’s deep purple color. It’s also this substance that prevent cancer cells from spreading as it reduces the blood supply needed by these cells to multiply. Nasunin is not only powerful in protecting you from cancer, but it has great benefits to your cognitive function, as well. According to researchers, this substance prevents free radicals from entering your brain and damaging neurons that can increase your chances of developing Alzheimer’s Disease.
6. Basil
Fragrant and aromatic, basil is a staple ingredient in most pastas and Asian dishes. Since this herb is rich in antioxidants, particularly eugenol, you can count on its medicinal benefits not only in improving your health, but also your skin’s quality. With the help of eugenol, basil’s key component, cervical cancer cells are prevented from multiplying and causing further damages to your body. Instead of thriving in your system, these cancer cells diminish, thanks to the anti-carcinogenic effects of basil. So, when your overall health is in superb condition, you can expect your skin to look amazing, too.
7. Brussels Sprouts
These vegetables are rich in sulfur compounds that prevent tumor growth by blocking certain enzymes that trigger abnormal growths in your body. Based on scientific studies, eating brussels sprouts give you your daily supply of sulfur compounds. This substance is responsible for minimizing chances of infection, inflammation and rheumatoid arthritis.
8. Red Bell Pepper
Red bell pepper is one of best sources of vitamin C, which is instrumental in enhancing the growth of white blood cells that limit the number of bacteria and germs in your body. With a good supply of vitamin C, you can also strengthen your immune system and make yourself less prone to infections. Furthermore, red bell pepper has been linked with wrinkle-free skin because of its high amounts of vitamin C. It is the same nutrient that stimulates collagen production, which is key to achieving young-looking skin.
Eat your way to an attractive and youthful skin with these anti-ageing and beauty-enhancing vegetables. With these super-foods, you can look younger, stay healthier, and feel more confident about yourself.
Sumber : ls.com
Senin, 24 Maret 2014
BELAJAR TENTANG MENGENALI JENIS-JENIS PENYAKIT KANKER
Berikut merupakan sumber ilmu kedokteran yang bermanfaat, sehingga digunakan sebagai referensi pribadi.
Sumber : CN
BELAJAR TENTANG GEJALA DAN RISIKO PENYAKIT ASTHMA
Berikut merupakan kutipan ilmiah kedokteran yang sangat bermanfaat sehingga disusun dan digunakan sebagai referensi pribadi.
Mold exposure in the home raises the risk of asthma symptoms in middle age, according to a new study from Australia.
The more mold participants reported having seen in their homes, the greater their asthma symptoms, researchers found. Men were especially vulnerable with a four-fold increase in the odds of having non-allergic asthma after recent exposure to visible mold.
"The mold exposure that we were talking about is the typical mold that we all see in our homes from time to time, that is, mold that you see in the wet areas of the house, e.g., bathroom, kitchen and laundry," John Burgess told Reuters Health in an email.
Burgess, a researcher with the Melbourne School of Population and Global Health at the University of Melbourne, co-led the study with colleague Desiree Meszaros.
"We were not talking about 'whole-house' mold infestation that might occur under special circumstances such as following the house being flooded," Burgess said.
While a number of previous studies have examined indoor air pollutants and asthma, the majority focused on children and adolescents, Burgess said, but little research has looked at the relationship between these exposures and asthma in middle-aged adults.
About 25 million Americans have asthma, according to the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, and 7 million of them are children. Asthma typically begins in childhood, and often occurs in kids with allergies.
Burgess and his colleagues were interested in the effect of indoor air pollutants on adults' asthma symptoms and also in any differences between responses by those with allergic asthma and those with non-allergic asthma.
"We did this because in older adults, all asthma is not necessarily the same," Burgess said. "In this age group, non-allergic asthma is more common - we surmised that the risk of having 'non-allergic asthma' related to indoor air pollutants might be increased in this older population.
The research team used data from an ongoing study that began in 1968 when the participants were seven years old. In 2004, a total of 5,729 participants filled questionnaires about a variety of health topics, including respiratory symptoms and their home environment.
Participants were asked about asthma, asthma symptoms, amount of visible mold in the home, the number of smokers and types of heating and cooking appliances they had.
About 11.6 percent of the participants had asthma at the time of the 2004 questionnaire. About 17 percent had chest tightness at night and 23 percent reporting wheezing during the previous year. About 30 percent of the participants were smokers and about 15 percent of households included at least one regular smoker other than the study participant.
Almost half reported ever having had mold on any home surface, and about a third said they'd seen mold at home within the last 12 months, according to the results published in Respirology.
Recent household mold exposure was associated with 26 percent greater odds of having asthma, 34 percent greater odds of wheezing and 30 percent greater odds of chest tightness. The authors noted that the more rooms with mold, the worse the asthma symptoms.
For men, mold exposure was linked to almost four times greater odds of having non-allergic asthma, but not for women.
The researchers also found that second-hand tobacco smoke was associated with increased odds of asthma, wheezing and chest tightness in non-smokers.
"We did not find any evidence that the type of stove used in the home for cooking had any effect on asthma," Burgess said. "But we found that having a reverse cycle air conditioner in the home was linked with a 16 percent reduction in the risk of asthma."
The U.S. Environmental Protection offers tips for mold control (here:), urging that mold should be cleaned up promptly and any water problems or leaks should be fixed. Drying any water-damaged areas within 24 to 48 hours can help to prevent mold growth.
Burgess said that to find mold, homeowners should "have a look and have a sniff!"
Most household mold is black, green or yellow and is visible, he said, adding that mold smells.
"We all know the dank smell from mold, so if your nose says mold, you probably have a mold problem," he said.
Getting rid of mold involves two steps, Burgess said.
"First is cleaning it off household surfaces - don't use a dry scrubbing brush - that just spreads the mold around," he said. "And second is ensuring that the room in question is well ventilated and dry. Mold won't grow in dry, well ventilated areas."
Burgess said that methods to actually kill mold spores are debated, with some mold removal experts advising that bleaches will kill mold, while other experts assert that bleaches merely discolor the mold and doesn't kill it.
"For most domestic mold, keep it simple - clean it off and make sure that the place remains dry and well ventilated," he said.
Sumber : RH
Minggu, 23 Maret 2014
Kamis, 20 Maret 2014
BELAJAR TENTANG GANGGUAN TIDUR AKIBAT GANGGUAN NYERI OTOT
Berikut merupakan kutipan ilmiah kedokteran yang sangat bermanfaat sehingga disusun dan digunakan sebagai referensi pribadi.
What Is Fibromyalgia?
Fibromyalgia is a chronic condition that affects about 5 million Americans. Doctors diagnose fibromyalgia based on a patient's symptoms and physical exam. Patients experience pain and stiffness in the muscles, but there are no measurable findings on X-rays or most lab tests. While fibromyalgia does not damage the joints or organs, the constant aches and fatigue can have a significant impact on daily life.
Fibromyalgia Symptoms
The hallmark of fibromyalgia is muscle pain throughout the body, typically accompanied by:
- Fatigue
- Sleep problems
- Anxiety or depression
- Specific tender points
Fibromyalgia Tender Points
One of the unique aspects of fibromyalgia is the presence of tender points in specific locations on the body. When these points are pressed, people with fibromyalgia feel pain, while people without the condition only feel pressure. This illustration shows 18 possible tender points.
Fibromyalgia: The Pain Is Real
The pain of fibromyalgia can be intense. Because traditionally no lab tests or X-rays could confirm a diagnosis of fibromyalgia, some patients were once led to believe this pain was "all in their heads." But the medical community now accepts that the pain of fibromyalgia is real. Research suggests it's caused by a glitch in the way the body perceives pain.
Fibromyalgia: Who's at Risk?
Women between the ages of 25 and 60 have the highest risk of developing fibromyalgia. Doctors aren't sure why, but women are 10 times more likely to have the condition than men. Some researchers believe genetics may play a role, but no specific genes have been identified.
Fibromyalgia and Fatigue
After pain, the most common and debilitating symptom of fibromyalgia is fatigue. This is not the normal tiredness that follows a busy day, but a lingering feeling of exhaustion. People with fibromyalgia may feel tired first thing in the morning, even after hours spent in bed. The fatigue may be worse on some days than others and can interfere with work, physical activity, and household chores.
Causes of Fibromyalgia
There are many theories about the causes of fibromyalgia, but research has yet to pinpoint a clear culprit. Some doctors believe hormonal or chemical imbalances disrupt the way nerves signal pain. Others suggest a traumatic event or chronic stress may increase a person's susceptibility. Most experts agree that fibromyalgia probably results from a combination of factors, rather than a single cause.
Fibromyalgia: Impact on Daily Life
Constantly fighting pain and fatigue can make people irritable, anxious, and depressed. You may have trouble staying on task at work, taking care of children, or keeping up with household chores. Exercise or hobbies such as gardening may seem daunting. Exhaustion and irritability can also lead to missing out on visits with friends. Fortunately, there are effective treatments that help many patients get back to the activities they enjoy.
Diagnosing Fibromyalgia
Your doctor may diagnose fibromyalgia after hearing your symptoms and doing a physical exam. There’s one lab test that can check for fibromyalgia. It measures the levels of proteins in the bloodstream and can help confirm a fibro diagnosis. However, your doctor may also do some testing to rule out other conditions. Be sure to describe your pain in detail, including where and how often it occurs. Also bring up any other symptoms, such as fatigue, sleep problems, or anxiety.
Fibromyalgia: Getting Treatment
Fibromyalgia was once the exclusive domain of rheumatologists. Today, the condition has captured the attention of a wide range of health care providers. Many people receive treatment through their primary care providers. Check with local support groups and hospitals for a list of fibromyalgia experts in your area.
Fibromyalgia Triggers
An important first step is identifying what makes your symptoms worse. Common triggers include:
- Cold or humid weather
- Too much or too little physical activity
- Stress
- Poor sleep
Fibromyalgia and Sleep
Many people with fibromyalgia have sleep problems, including trouble falling asleep or frequent awakenings during the night. Studies suggest some patients remain in a shallow state of sleep and never experience restful, deep sleep. This deprives the body of a chance to repair and replenish itself, creating a vicious cycle. Poor sleep may make pain seem worse, and pain can lead to poor sleep.
Fibromyalgia and Depression
Nearly a third of people with fibromyalgia also have major depression when they are diagnosed. The relationship between the two is unclear. Some researchers believe depression may be a result of the chronic pain and fatigue. Others suggest that abnormalities in brain chemistry may lead to both depression and an unusual sensitivity to pain. Symptoms of depression may include difficulty concentrating, hopelessness, and loss of interest in favorite activities.
Managing Fibromyalgia: Medication
The goal of fibromyalgia treatment is to minimize pain, sleep disturbances, and mood disorders. Doctors may recommend medications that help ease your symptoms -- ranging from familiar over-the-counter pain relievers to prescription drugs. There are also prescription drugs specifically approved for the treatment of fibromyalgia, which include Cymbalta, Lyrica, and Savella.
Managing Fibromyalgia: Exercise
Exercise can relieve several fibromyalgia symptoms. Physical activity can reduce pain and improve fitness. Exercising just three times a week has also been shown to relieve fatigue and depression. But it's important not to overdo it. Walking, stretching, and water aerobics are good forms of exercise to start with for people with fibromyalgia.
Managing Fibromyalgia: Diet
Some experts say diet may play a role in fibromyalgia -- just not the same role in all patients. Certain foods, including aspartame, MSG, caffeine, and tomatoes, seem to worsen symptoms in some people. But avoiding these foods won't help everyone. To find out what works for you, try eliminating foods one at a time and recording whether your symptoms improve.
Managing Fibromyalgia: Massage
Some research suggests massage may help relieve fibromyalgia pain, though its value is not fully proven. Practitioners say that applying moderate pressure is key, while the technique is less important. Rubbing, kneading, or stroking all seem to help. A significant other can learn to provide regular massages -- and a 20-minute session may be long enough to get results.
Managing Fibromyalgia: Acupuncture
Formal studies have produced mixed results on the use of acupuncture for fibromyalgia, but some patients say it eases their symptoms. This traditional Chinese practice involves inserting thin needles at key points on the body. Acupressure stimulates the same pressure points and may be a good alternative for people who want to avoid needles.
Managing Fibromyalgia: Fibro Fog
Many people with fibromyalgia have trouble concentrating, a phenomenon known as fibro fog. While getting treatment for pain and insomnia may help, there are other steps you can take to improve your focus. Write notes about things you need to remember, keep your mind active by reading or doing puzzles, and break tasks up into small, manageable steps.
Managing Fibromyalgia: Stress
Stress appears to be one of the most common triggers of fibromyalgia flare-ups. While it's impossible to eliminate all stress from your life, you can try to reduce unnecessary stress. Determine which situations make you anxious -- at home and at work -- and find ways to make those situations less stressful. Experiment with yoga, meditation, or other relaxation techniques. And allow yourself to skip nonessential activities that cause stress.
Does Fibromyalgia Get Better?
Many people with fibromyalgia find that their symptoms and quality of life improve substantially as they identify the most effective treatments and make lifestyle changes. While fibromyalgia is a chronic condition, it does not damage the joints, muscles, or internal organs.
Sumber : MD
BELAJAR TENTANG STROKE DAN TAHAP PERAWATAN
Berikut merupakan kutipan ilmiah kedokteran yang sangat bermanfaat bagi Penulis sehingga disusun dan digunakan sebagai referensi pribadi dengan mencantumkan sumber.
What Is a Stroke?
Stroke is a medical emergency and a leading cause of death in the U.S. It occurs when a blood vessel in the brain bursts or, more commonly, when a blockage develops. Without treatment, cells in the brain quickly begin to die. The result can be serious disability or death. If a loved one is having stroke symptoms, seek emergency medical attention without delay.
Stroke Symptoms
Signs of a stroke may include:
- Sudden numbness or weakness of the body, especially on one side.
- Sudden vision changes in one or both eyes, or difficulty swallowing.
- Sudden, severe headache with unknown cause.
- Sudden problems with dizziness, walking, or balance.
- Sudden confusion, difficulty speaking or understanding others.
Stroke Test: Talk, Wave, Smile
The F.A.S.T. test helps spot symptoms. It stands for:
Face. Ask for a smile. Does one side droop?
Arms. When raised, does one side drift down?
Speech. Can the person repeat a simple sentence? Does he or she have trouble or slur words?
Time. Time is critical.
Stroke: Time = Brain Damage
Every second counts when seeking treatment for a stroke. When deprived of oxygen, brain cells begin dying within minutes. There are clot-busting drugs that can curb brain damage, but they have to be used within three hours of the initial stroke symptoms. Once brain tissue has died, the body parts controlled by that area won't work properly. This is why stroke is a top cause of long-term disability.
Diagnosing a Stroke
When someone with stroke symptoms arrives in the ER, the first step is to determine which type of stroke is occurring. There are two main types, and they are not treated the same way. A CT scan can help doctors determine whether the symptoms are coming from a blocked blood vessel or a bleeding one. Additional tests may also be used to find the location of a blood clot or bleeding within the brain.
Ischemic Stroke
The most common type of stroke is known as an ischemic stroke. Nearly nine out of 10 strokes fall into this category. The culprit is a blood clot that obstructs a blood vessel inside the brain. The clot may develop on the spot or travel through the blood from elsewhere in the body.
Hemorrhagic Stroke
Hemorrhagic strokes are less common but far more likely to be fatal. They occur when a weakened blood vessel in the brain bursts. The result is bleeding inside the brain that can be difficult to stop.
'Mini-Stroke' (TIA)
A transient ischemic attack, often called a "mini-stroke," is more like a close call. Blood flow is temporarily impaired to part of the brain, causing symptoms similar to an actual stroke. When the blood flows again, the symptoms disappear. A TIA is a warning sign that a stroke may happen soon. It's critical to see your doctor if you think you've had a TIA. There are therapies to reduce the risk of stroke.
What Causes a Stroke
A common cause of stroke is atherosclerosis -- hardening of the arteries. Plaque made of fat, cholesterol, calcium, and other substances builds up in the arteries, leaving less space for blood to flow. A blood clot may lodge in this narrow space and cause an ischemic stroke. Atherosclerosis also makes it easier for a clot to form. Hemorrhagic strokes often result from uncontrolled high blood pressure that causes a weakened artery to burst.
Risk Factors: Chronic Conditions
Certain chronic conditions increase your risk of stroke. These include:
- High blood pressure
- High cholesterol
- Diabetes
- Obesity
Taking steps to control these conditions may reduce your risk.
Risk Factors: Behaviors
Certain behaviors also increase the risk of stroke:
- Smoking
- Getting too little exercise
- Heavy use of alcohol
Risk Factors: Diet
A poor diet may increase the risk for stroke in a few significant ways. Eating too much fat and cholesterol can lead to arteries that are narrowed by plaque. Too much salt may contribute to high blood pressure. And too many calories can lead to obesity. A diet high in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and fish may help lower stroke risk.
Risk Factors You Can't Control
Some stroke risk factors are beyond your control, such as getting older or having a family history of strokes. Gender plays a role, too, with men being more likely to have a stroke. However, more stroke deaths occur in women. Finally, race is an important risk factor. African-Americans, Native Americans, and Alaskan Natives are at greater risk compared to people of other ethnicities.
Stroke: Emergency Treatment
For an ischemic stroke, emergency treatment focuses on medicine to restore blood flow. A clot-busting medication is highly effective at dissolving clots and minimizing long-term damage, but it must be given within three hours of the onset of symptoms. Hemorrhagic strokes are more difficult to manage. Treatment usually involves attempting to control high blood pressure, bleeding, and brain swelling.
Stroke: Long-Term Damage
Whether a stroke causes long-term damage depends on its severity and how quickly treatment stabilizes the brain. The type of damage depends on where in the brain the stroke occurs. Common problems after a stroke include numbness in the arms or legs, difficulty walking, vision problems, trouble swallowing, and problems with speech and comprehension. These problems can be permanent, but many people regain most of their abilities.
Stroke Rehab: Physical Therapy
Muscle weakness, as well as balance problems, are very common after a stroke. This can interfere with walking and other daily activities. Physical therapy is an effective way to regain strength, balance, and coordination. For fine motor skills, such as using a knife and fork, writing, and buttoning a shirt, occupational therapy can help.
Stroke Rehab: Talk Therapy
It's common for stroke survivors and their loved ones to experience a wide range of intense emotions, such as fear, anger, worry, and grief. A psychologist or mental health counselor can provide strategies for coping with these emotions. A therapist can also watch for signs of depression, which frequently strikes people who are recovering from a stroke.
Stroke Prevention: Lifestyle
People who have had a stroke or TIA can take steps to prevent a recurrence:
- Quit smoking.
- Exercise and maintain a healthy weight.
- Limit alcohol and salt intake.
- Eat a healthier diet with more veggies, fish, and whole grains.
Stroke Prevention: Medications
For people with a high risk of stroke, doctors often recommend medications to lower this risk. Anti-platelet medicines, including aspirin, keep platelets in the blood from sticking together and forming clots. Anti-clotting drugs, such as warfarin, may be needed to help ward off stroke in some patients. Finally, if you have high blood pressure, your doctor will prescribe medication to lower it.
Stroke Prevention: Surgery
In some cases, a stroke results from a narrowed carotid artery -- the blood vessels that travel up each side of the neck to bring blood to the brain. People who have had a mild stroke or TIA due to this problem may benefit from surgery known as carotid endarterectomy. This procedure removes plaque from the lining of the carotid arteries and can prevent additional strokes.
Stroke Prevention: Balloon and Stent
Doctors can also treat a clogged carotid artery without major surgery in some cases. The procedure, called angioplasty, involves temporarily inserting a catheter into the artery and inflating a tiny balloon to widen the area that is narrowed by plaque. A metal tube, called a stent, can be inserted and left in place to keep the artery open.
Life After a Stroke
More than half of people who have a stroke regain the ability to take care of themselves. Those who get clot-busting drugs soon enough may recover completely. And those who experience disability can often learn to function independently through therapy. While the risk of a second stroke is higher at first, this risk drops off over time.
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